Particularitati ale Muntilor Bihor

Relieful carstic caracterizat prin:

• avene (pesteri verticale),
• pesteri orizontale, pesteri active prin care se scurge apa adunata sub platforma.
• pesteri fosile (in special in peretii cheilor), in ele apa a creat formatiuni de o deosebita frumusete (stalactite, stalagmite, coloane, draperii, etc.)
• pesteri de gheata, de fapt avene in care, in lipsa unei ventilatii, aerul rece de iarna, mai greu, ramane in fundul avenului (in ordinea marimii: Ghetarul Scarisoara, Avenul din Bortig, Focul Viu, Ghetarul de la Vartop si Ghetarul de la Barsa)
• doline - vai scurte oarbe (a caror ape se pierd in calcar prin ponoare, sorburi sau guri de pesteri).
• polii - bazine hidrografice inchise, cu drenaj subteran (denumite de moti hoance)

Platforma calcaroasa a Muntilor Bihor este marginita de vai adanci spre care formeaza abrupturi puternice. Apele care au drenat subteran platforma ies la zi in aceste vai prin izbucuri cu debit mare. Calcarele prezinta pereti inalti si vai separate de creste ascutite.

Un fenomen aparte se intalneste pe platoul calcaros al Bihorului. Datorita bazinelor inchise, aerul rece se acumuleaza pe fundul depresiunii inchise unde are loc o stratificatie termica, temperatura aerului crescand cu inaltimea fenomen ce afecteaza distributia vegetatiei, inversandu-se etajul coniferelor cu cel al foioaselor. Un aspect aparte al lipsei de briza in bazinele inchise se observa la Padis, unde fundul depresiunii este plin de doline din care unele adapostesc lacuri. Aceste lacuri constituie un rezervor de caldura acumulata ziua. Seara cand aerul se raceste, stratul de aer de deasupra lacurilor se incalzeste si incepe sa se ridice,fiind mai usor. Patrunzand in stratele de aer rece, are loc o condensare partiala, ceea ce da nastere la o ceata deasa. Prinsa intre crestele ce inconjoara depresiunea si fara posibilitatea de a se scurge, ceata formeaza un strat dens de un metru inaltime, ce se tareste lent pe sol dand un aspect ireal, mai ales in noptile cu luna. La primele raze ale diminetii, ceata se destrama lasand in urma un strat de roua.

Cantitatea de precipitatii medie anuala depaseste in zonele inalte 1400mm. Legata de abundenta de apa sunt turbariile (local denumite molhasuri) in general de mici dimensiuni, din zona inalta, in general al padurii de molid ( Padis, Arieseni, cel mai mare pe valea Izbucului-8ha, punctat de cateva "tauri fara fund" cu apa neagra)

Peisajul cel mai caracteristic Muntilor Apuseni este cel al fanatelor care urca pana la altitudinea de 1200m. Catunele asezate pe platourile de la Ocoale - Scarisoara, la 1200m, sunt printre cele mai inalte asezari din tara. Motii sunt mesteri in valorificarea lemnului,confectionarea traditionalelor tulnice si obiecte de artizanat (fluiere,plosti,donite). Dintre traditiile care sau mai pastrat inca in acesti munti, desi mult schimbate, aceea a targurilor anuale cel mai cunoscut fiind Targul de fete de la Gaina (astazi targ pt. schimburi de marfuri si sarbatoare folclorica).
Sursa de informatii: M. Bihor - M. Bleahu

Particularities of the Bihor Mountains:

Karstic relief (especially in Bihor Mountains):

• vertical caves
• horizontal caves mostly active caves
• fossil caves ( especially in the walls of the gorges). These are the most interesting, as the water made a great work (stalactite, stalacmite)
• glacier caves, in fact vertical caves, in which, because of the lack of ventilation, the cold winter air (much heavier) remains deep in the pit hole. Even here the water forms stalactite and stalacmite but not of calcit but of ice ( in a size order: Scarisoara, Bortig, Focul Viu, Vartop and Barsa) The presence of glacier caves constitutes a particularity of the karst from Bihor Mts.
• sinkholes (dolinas)- short blind valleys (whose waters dissapear into the limestone, through ponors, or cave holes)
• "polii" - closed hydrographic basins with underground draining)

Deep valleys surround the calcareous platform of the Bihor Mts. The waters that had gathered in the underground platform came out through springs with large debit. Thus the waters split deep walls and pointed peaks.

The predominant wind is the west wind that brings many precipitation. The quantity of precipitation by year surpasses in the high zone 1400mm. Because of the abundent stock of water, there are peat bog (turbariile) generally of small dimensions, found in the high zones, mostly in the pine forest (Padis, Arieseni, the largest on Izbuc Valley-8ha).

You can encounter an interesting phenomenon on the calcareous plateau of Bihor Mountains. Because of the closed karstic basins, the cold air gathers on the bottom of the closed deppression and a thermic stratification takes place. The temperature becomes higher and higher as the altitude grows, a phenomenon which affects the distribution of the vegetation, the floor of the spruce forest being replaced by that of the deciduous forest. An interesting aspect of this lack of wind into the closed basins can be seen in Padis Plateau where the bottom of the depression is full of dolinas, some of them full of lakes. These lakes are a stock of the heat acumulated during daytime. In the evening, when the air grows colder, the layer of air over the lakes grows warmer and starts going up, being lighter. As it gets into the layers of cold air a partial condensation takes place, phenomenon which gives birth to a dense fog. Being trapped between the peaks surrounding the depression and having no way out, the fog forms a dense layer of one metre high, which crowls along the land giving the impression of an unreal realm especially in moonlight nights. At the first hour of the morning the fog dissappears leaving behind a layer of dew.

The most characteristic scenery of the Apuseni Mountains is that of hay-pile, which go up to 1200m. Villages are to be found on the plateaux around 1200m and the "Motii", the people who live here, are masters in woodwork.

Particularités des Montagnes Bihor

Le relief karstique (surtout les Montagnes Bihor)

• avens (caves verticales)
• caves actives
• caves fossiles (surtout dans les murs des défilés), anciens canaux d'eau, ou on rencontre des formations exceptionnelles (stalactites, stalagmites, colonnes, rideaux, baldaquins)
• caves de glace, en effet des avens où faute d'une ventilation, l'air froid, plus lourd, reste au fond de l'aven (Le Glacier Scarisoara, L'aven de Bortig, le glacier de Vartop et le glacier de Barsa)
• dolines - vallées courtes et 'aveugles' (dont les eaux périssent dans le calcaire par des bouches de caves)
• des basins hydrographiques fermés avec des égouts sousterrains (nommées par les locaux 'hoance')